The polyisoprenylated benzophenone and xanthone derivatives are known for their antioxidant, apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-ulcer, anti-protozoal, and HAT inhibiting properties. The HCA has been known for its hypolipidemic property. The genus has received the attention of pharmaceutical industries due to their immense remedial qualities. The bioactive molecules like hydroxycitric acid (HCA), flavonoids, terpenes, polysaccharides, procyanidines and polyisoprenylated benzophenone derivatives like garcinol, xanthochymol and guttiferone isoforms have been isolated from the genus Garcinia. The genus Garcinia belongs to the family Clusiaceae and has been involved in ayurvedic preparations to medicate various pathophysiological disorders. The reduced cell migration and clonogenicity of HCT 116 cells might prevent both primary and metastatic tumor growth in vivo which will be the topic of our future work using the metastatic orthotopic colon cancer model. Taken together, the cytotoxic effect of the xanthones extract is mediated through the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Studies on cell migration and colony formation indicate reduced cell migration ability and clonogenicity of treated HCT 116 cells at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Apoptosis studies revealed activation of caspases 3 and 7, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The extract showed potent dose dependent cytotoxicity with IC50 value 9.2 μg/mL. α-Mangostin was found to be the main constituent of the extract which was 71.2☐.1%, and the total xanthones content was 95±4.8% (wt/wt). The extract was evaluated for cytotoxicity, apoptosis and antitumorigenicity on HCT 116 human colorectal carcinoma cells. α-Mangostin content of the extract was determined qualitatively by TLC and quantitatively by HPLC, and total xanthones content was quantified by UV spectrophotometry. This study aimed to investigate the antitumorigenicity of xanthones-rich extract from Garcinia mangostana L., Clusiaceae, fruit rinds which was obtained by a simple recrystallization of 75% ethanolic extract. In this study, the microwave-assisted extraction process of α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp was successfully optimized, indicating the accuracy of the models developed, which will be usable in a larger-scale extraction process. The OE exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. In addition, the optimized extract of mangosteen pericarp with its higher α-mangostin and secondary metabolite concentrations exhibited higher antioxidant activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values of 20.64 µg/mL compared to those of the NOE (28.50 µg/mL). Additionally, trans-ferulic acid and catechin were abundant among the compounds identified. The analysis of the extracts for secondary metabolites showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) increased significantly in the optimized extracts (OE) compared to the non-optimized extracts (NOE). No significant differences were observed between the predicted and the experimental α-mangostin values, indicating that the developed models are accurate. The predicted models were successfully developed to extract α-mangostin from the mangosteen pericarp. The verification of experimental results under these optimized conditions showed that the α-mangostin value for the mangosteen pericarp was 120.68 mg/g DM. The highest α-mangostin concentration in mangosteen pericarp of 121.01 mg/g dry matter (DM) was predicted at 3.16 min, 189.20 W, and 72.40% (v/v). Ethyl acetate as a green solvent exhibited the highest concentration of α-mangostin, followed by dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of optimized and non-optimized extracts was evaluated. The parameters examined included extraction time, microwave power, and solvent percentage. Since α-mangostin in mangosteen fruits was reported to be the main compound able to provide natural antioxidants, the microwave-assisted extraction process to obtain high-quality α-mangostin from mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana L.) was optimized using a central composite design and response surface methodology.
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